Endrika:zh-pron

The following documentation is located at Endrika:zh-pron/documentation. ^[edit]

Useful links: subpage list • links • redirects • transclusions

The pronunciation template for Chinese varieties. Does its work via:

Module:zh-pron (hub)
Topolectal:
- Module:cmn-pron (Mandarin - Standard/Beijing Mandarin)
- Module:cmn-pron-Sichuan (Mandarin - Sichuanese)
- Module:dng-pron (Dungan)
- Module:yue-pron (Cantonese)
- Module:gan-pron (Gan)
- Module:hak-pron (Hakka)
- Module:cjy-pron (Jin)
- Module:mnp-pron (Min Bei)
- Module:cdo-pron (Min Dong)
- Module:nan-pron (Min Nan - Hokkien, Teochew)
- Module:nan-pron-Hainan (Min Nan - Hainanese)
- Module:wuu-pron (Wu)
- Module:hsn-pron (Xiang)
Ancient:
- Module:ltc-pron (Middle Chinese)
- Module:och-pron (Old Chinese)

Parameters

m=x,y,z,A=a,B=b,C=c: Mandarin Pinyin. To show tone sandhi for 一 and 不, use 一 or 不 instead of pinyin. Chinese characters are used instead of pinyin for characters that have different pronunciations due to regional variation, e.g. Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found... # can be used to block sequential tone 3 + 3 sandhis (e.g. in Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found..).; Additional "parameters" (A, B, C, etc.) for |m=:

`\|xn=`	replace label for the xth pronunciation
`\|xna=`, `\|xnb=`, `\|xnc=`, `\|xnd=`	replace the first/second/third/fourth part of the label for the xth pronunciation (see Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.. for an example)
`\|xpy=`	change the displayed pinyin for the xth pronunciation (x is omitted for the first pronunciation)
`\|xcap=y`	capitalize pinyin for the xth pronunciation (x is omitted for the first pronunciation)
`\|xtl=y`	toneless variant on the last syllable for the xth pronunciation (x is omitted for the first pronunciation)
`\|xtl2=y`, `\|xtl3=y`	toneless variant on the second/third last syllable for the xth pronunciation (x is omitted for the first pronunciation)
`\|xa=y`, `\|xaudio=y`	pronunciation file for the xth pronunciation (x is omitted for the first pronunciation)
`\|xer=`	syllable(s) (separated by `;`) to have erhua for the xth pronunciation (if equals `y`, erhua on last syllable)
`\|xertl=y`	erhua and toneless variant on the last syllable for the xth pronunciation
`\|xertl2=y`, `\|xertl3=y`	erhua and toneless variant on the second/third last syllable for the xth pronunciation
`\|xera=y`, `\|xeraudio=y`	pronunciation file for the xth erhua pronunciation

m-s=x/y/z

Sichuanese Pinyin

dg=x/y/z

Dungan (Cyrillic). Tones are indicated after each syllable.

c=x,y,z

Cantonese Jyutping. Tone change is indicated using a hyphen, not an asterisk.

c-t=x,y,z

Taishanese Wiktionary Romanization

g=x/y/z

Gan Wiktionary Romanization

h=pfs=x/y/z;gd=x/y/z

Hakka Pha̍k-fa-sṳ (Sixian) and Guangdong Romanization (Meixian)

n: (Northern Sixian) or s: (Southern Sixian) can be placed before a pronunciation to specify the dialect. ns: can be placed before a pronunciation to suppress the generation of an erroneous Southern Sixian pronunciation (e.g. Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found..).

j=x/y/z

Jin Wiktionary Romanization

mb=x/y/z

Min Bei Kienning Colloquial Romanized. Minor modifications that affect IPA generation have been made.

Pronunciations that cannot be inferred from KCR are indicated using a greater-than symbol > followed by the actual pronunciation, such as Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.. and Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found...

md=x/y/z

Min Dong BUC. Minor modifications that affect IPA generation have been made.

Putting an asterisk * before an initial blocks lenition, such as Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.. and Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found...
Putting an exclamation mark ! after the syllable blocks rhyme change, such as Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found...
Putting a backslash \ after the syllable indicates that diminutive tone sandhi should be invoked for that syllable, such as Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found...
Pronunciations that cannot be inferred from BUC are indicated using a greater-than symbol > followed by the actual pronunciation, such as Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.. and Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found...

mn=x/y/z: Min Nan (Hokkien) POJ (with the addition of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialect vowels ee, er, and ir and use of a caron for tone mark 6 and a double acute accent for tone mark 9, adopted from Tâi-lô); # can be used to disable tone sandhi between syllables.; Labels followed by a colon can be placed before a pronunciation to specify information about the pronunciation. Multiple abbreviations are separated with commas ,.

Label	Information
`xm`	Xiamen
`ta`	Tong'an
`qz`	Quanzhou
`jj`	Jinjiang
`ax`	Anxi
`zz`	Zhangzhou
`zp`	Zhangpu
`ct`	Changtai
`kh`	Kaohsiung
`tp`	Taipei
`tn`	Tainan
`tc`	Taichung
`hc`	Hsinchu
`yl`	Yilan
`lk`	Lukang
`sx`	Sanxia
`km`	Kinmen
`mg`	Magong
`sg`	Singapore
`pn`	Penang
`md`	Medan
`ph`	Philippines
`xmd`	dated in Xiamen
`qzd`	dated in Quanzhou
`ml`	Mainland China (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
`tw`	mainstream Taiwan
`twk`	mainstream Taiwan (Kaohsiung)
`twt`	mainstream Taiwan (Taipei)
`twv`, `twd`, `twr`	variant/dated/rare in Taiwan
`twvk`, `twdk`, `twrk`	variant/dated/rare in Taiwan (Kaohsiung)
`twvt`, `twdt`, `twrt`	variant/dated/rare in Taiwan (Taipei)

mn-t=x/y/z: Min Nan (Teochew) Peng'im
w=x,y,z: Wu Wiktionary Romanization
x=x/y/z: Xiang Wiktionary Romanization
|Xa=: Pronunciation file for the variety X (i.e. m for Mandarin, c for Cantonese, etc.). If equals y, then links to zh-PINYIN.ogg for Mandarin and xxx-CHARACTERS.ogg for other varieties (where xxx is the ISO language code for the topolect); else, links to the argument.
|X_note=: A note directly below the pronunciation information for variety X.
|dial=: Dialectal pronunciations (displayed by default if available). If equals n, then display is suppressed; if a number, then displays corresponding pronunciation.
|mc=: Middle Chinese reconstructions. If equals y, then displays all readings. For character entries, if a number or a list of numbers separated by commas , or plus signs +, then displays corresponding reading(s). For multi-character entries, each character's readings, each formatted like a single character (but only with plus signs), is separated with commas ,. See Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.. for examples.
|oc=: Old Chinese reconstructions (Baxter–Sagart and Zhengzhang). If equals y, then displays all readings. For character entries, if one number, then displays the corresponding reading in each reconstruction; if two numbers separated by a comma ,, then displays the Baxter–Sagart reading with the first number and the Zhengzhang reading with the second number (if one doesn't exist, then use n instead of a number); more than one reading number in either can be separated by a plus sign +. For multi-character entries, each character's readings, each formatted like a single character, is separated with semicolons ;. See Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.., Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.. for examples.
cat=x,y,X:z: Parts of speech. See the table pos_aliases_cat in Module:zh-pron for aliases of category names that can be used as valid input for |cat=. X: (see |Xa= above) can be placed before a part of speech to specify a particular variety of Chinese; see Erreur Lua dans Module:languages/doSubstitutions à la ligne 73 : Substitution data 'zh-translit' does not match an existing module or module failed to execute: package.lua:80: module 'Module:zh-translit' not found.. as an example of c:part being used to sort 緊 as a Cantonese-only particle.

Since a unified Chinese approach is agreed upon, the presence of definitions in these parameters will categorize the page into the appropriate variety categories.

Empty template

{{zh-pron
|m=
|ma=
|m-s=
|dg=
|c=
|c-t=
|g=
|h=
|j=
|mb=
|md=
|mn=
|mn-t=
|w=
|x=
|mc=
|oc=
|cat=
}}

Example

中國

{{zh-pron
|m=Zhōngguó
|ma=Zh-zhongguo.ogg
|m-s=Zong1gue2
|dg=Җун1гуй2/Җун1гуә2
|c=zung1 gwok3
|c-t=zuung1 gok2
|h=pfs=Chûng-koet;gd=zung1 guêd5
|g=zung1 guet6
|j=zung1 gueh4
|mb=Dô̤ng-gŏ
|md=Dṳ̆ng-guók
|mda=Cdo Dṳ̆ng-guók.ogg
|mn=Tiong-kok
|mn-t=dong1 gog4
|w=1tson koq
|x=zhong1 gue6
|cat=pn,n
}}

generates

Mandarina
(Ara-penitra)
(Pinyin): Zhōngguó

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ

(Chengdu, P. S.): Zong¹ gue²

(Dongan, Sirilika): Җунгуй (Žunguy, I-II) / Җунгуә (Žunguə, I-II)
Kantôney
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): zung¹ gwok³

(Taishan, Wikibolana): zuung¹ gok²
Gan (Wikibolana): zung¹ guet⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): Chûng-koet

(Meixian, Guangdong): zung¹ guêd⁵
Jin (Wikibolana): zung¹ gueh⁴
Minbei (KCR): Dô̤ng-gŏ
Min Dong (BUC): Dṳ̆ng-guók
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): Tiong-kok

(Teochew, Peng'im): dong¹ gog⁴
Xiang (Wikibolana): zhong¹ gue⁶

Mandarina
- (Sinoa ara-penitra)⁺
  - Pinyin: Zhōngguó
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jonggwo
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguó
  - AAI Sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ kwɔ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Pinyin sitsoaney: Zong¹ gue²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: Zunggue
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Sirilika: Җунгуй (Žunguy, I-II) / Җунгуә (Žunguə, I-II)
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/, /ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/
  (Fantaro: Mbola ampanandramana ny fanononana amin'ny teny dongan ka mety tsy ho marina.)
Kantôney
- (Kantôney ara-penitra, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zung¹ gwok³
  - Yale: jūng gwok
  - Pinyin Kantôney: dzung¹ gwok⁸
  - Romanizasiona Guangdong: zung¹ guog³
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/
- (Taishaney, Taicheng)
  - Wikibolana: zuung¹ gok²
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wikibolana: zung¹ guet⁶
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /t͡suŋ⁴² kuɛt̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian , ahitn. Miaoli ary Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chûng-koet
  - Rafitra Romanizasiona Hakka Hakka: zung´ gued`
  - Pinyim Hagfa: zung¹ gued⁵
  - AAI Sinolojika: /t͡suŋ²⁴ ku̯et̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: zung¹ guêd⁵
  - AAI Sinolojika: /t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wikibolana: zung¹ gueh⁴
  - AAI sinôlôjika (old-style): /t͡sũŋ¹¹ kuəʔ²/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: Dô̤ng-gŏ
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /tɔŋ³³ ko²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Dṳ̆ng-guók
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(k-)ŋuɔʔ²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-kok
  - Tâi-lô: Tiong-kok
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diongkog
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/
- (Teotsio)
  - Peng'im: dong¹ gog⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tong kok
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wikibolana: zhong¹ gue⁶
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ³³ kuɤ̞²⁴/
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile) (new-style): /t͡sən³³ kuɤ̞²⁴/

歷史

{{zh-pron
|m=lìshǐ
|m-s=ni2si3
|c=lik6 si2
|h=pfs=li̍t-sṳ́
|md=lĭk-sṳ̄
|mn=le̍k-sú
|w=5liq sr
|ma=y
|cat=n
}}

generates

Mandarina
(Ara-penitra)
(Pinyin): lìshǐ

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ ㄕˇ

(Chengdu, P. S.): ni² si³
Kantôney (Jyutping): lik⁶ si²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): li̍t-sṳ́
Min Dong (BUC): lĭk-sṳ̄
Min Nan (POJ): le̍k-sú

Mandarina
- (Sinoa ara-penitra)⁺
  - Pinyin: lìshǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ ㄕˇ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lihshyy
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lìshǐh
  - AAI Sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /li⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Chengdu)
  - Pinyin sitsoaney: ni² si³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lis
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /ni²¹ sz̩⁵³/
Kantôney
- (Kantôney ara-penitra, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: lik⁶ si²
  - Yale: lihk sí
  - Pinyin Kantôney: lik⁹ si²
  - Romanizasiona Guangdong: lig⁶ xi²
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /lɪk̚² siː³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian , ahitn. Miaoli ary Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: li̍t-sṳ́
  - Rafitra Romanizasiona Hakka Hakka: lid sii`
  - Pinyim Hagfa: lid⁶ si³
  - AAI Sinolojika: /lit̚⁵ sɨ³¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lĭk-sṳ̄
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /l̃iʔ⁵⁻³³ sy³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k-sú
  - Tâi-lô: li̍k-sú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: legsuo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪk̚²⁴⁻²² su⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴¹/

佢哋

{{zh-pron
|c=keoi5 dei6
|cat=pron
}}

generates

Kantôney (Jyutping): keoi⁵ dei⁶

Kantôney
- (Kantôney ara-penitra, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: keoi⁵ dei⁶
  - Yale: kéuih deih
  - Pinyin Kantôney: koey⁵ dei⁶
  - Romanizasiona Guangdong: kêu⁵ déi⁶
  - AAI sinôlôjika ^(lakile): /kʰɵy̯¹³ tei̯²²/

Template Data

This is the TemplateData documentation for this template used by VisualEditor and other tools.

TemplateData for zh-pron

Marks the pronunciation of a Chinese term in different dialects/topolects/fāngyán

Paramètres du modèle[Modifier les données du modèle]
Ce modèle possède une mise en forme personnalisée.
Paramètre		Description	Type	État
Mandarin Pinyin	`m`	Hanyu Pinyin transcription of the term as pronounced in Mandarin Exemple xuéxí	Ligne de texte	suggéré
Mandarin audio	`ma`	A file to link the Mandarin pronunciation, or "y" to generate it Exemple "y" or "Zh-zhongguo.ogg"	Chaîne	suggéré
Cantonese Jyutping	`c`	Jyutping transcription of the term as pronounced in standard Cantonese Exemple hok6 zaap6	Ligne de texte	suggéré
Taishan Jyutping	`c-t`	Wiktionary transcription of the term as pronounced in Taishan Cantonese Exemple hok5 dip5	Ligne de texte	facultatif
Hokkien POJ	`mn`	Peh-oe-ji transcription of the term as pronounced in Hokkien Min Nan Exemple ha̍k-si̍p	Ligne de texte	suggéré
Teochow Peng'im	`mn-t`	Peng'im transcription of the term as pronounced in Teochow Min Nan Exemple hag8 sib8	Ligne de texte	facultatif
Dungan cyrillic	`dg`	The term in the Dungan Cyrillic alphabet Exemple йүә1	Chaîne	facultatif
Parts of speech	`cat`	Parts of speech. See the table pos_aliases_cat in Module:zh-pron for aliases of category names that can be used as valid input Exemple n,a,cls,pn	Chaîne	facultatif
Show Middle Chinese?	`mc`	If "y", shows all Middle Chinese reconstructions Exemple y	Chaîne	facultatif